Science Chemical Bonding Assignment

RUST

Rust is a general term for a series of iron oxides. Colloquially, the term is applied to red oxides, formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture. Yet, there are also other forms of rust, such as the result of the reaction of iron and chlorine in an environment deprived of oxygen, such as rebar used in underwater concrete pillars, which generates green rust. Several forms of rust are distinguishable visually and by spectroscopy, and form under different circumstances. Rust consists of hydrated iron(III) oxides (Fe₂O₃·nH₂O) and iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (FeO(OH), Fe(OH)₃). Given sufficient time, oxygen, and water, any iron mass will eventually convert entirely to rust and disintegrate. Surface rust provides no protection to the underlying iron unlike the formation of patina on copper surfaces.

Rusting is the common term for corrosion of iron and its alloys, such as steel. Many other metals undergo equivalent corrosion, but the resulting oxides are not commonly called rust.

When in contact with human skin, rust poses no harm. However, ingesting too much iron, whether it be via rust, supplements, or otherwise, can lead to unpleasant symptoms including nausea and vomiting. Long-term side effects such as liver damage can be associated with excessive iron intake. In extreme cases, iron overdose can be potentially fatal, particularly in young children. Iron overdose is said to be the leading cause of 'accidental poisoning leading to death' in children under six. One can also get tetanus (a disease which causes muscles to stretch for prolonged periods of time) when cut with rusty iron, making it a dangerous compound.

References:

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_effects_of_Rust_on_the_human_body

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_health_consequences_of_ingesting_rust

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanus

Science chemical bonding online-learning - Loh Jia Sheng(24)

Carbon Monoxide

The harmful compound, Carbon Monoxide, is formed when two harmless non-metal elements, Oxygen (O) and Carbon(C) go through the process of covalent bonding.

Oxygen

Oxygen gas is the second most common component of the Earth's atmosphere, taking up 21.0% of its volume and 23.1% of its mass. It is not only harmless, but essential for our survival on earth.

Carbon

Carbon is essential to all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could not exist.
The major economic use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of hydrocarbons, most notably crude oil, which is also known as petroleum. On its own, carbon is not very dangerous, since it is nontoxic and nonreactive, so in a way, it's also harmless.

Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide is a poisonous, harmful, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. Although it has no detectable odor, CO is often mixed with other gases that do have an odor. So, you can inhale carbon monoxide right along with gases that you can smell and not even know that CO is present.
Carbon monoxide is harmful when breathed because it displaces oxygen in the blood and deprives the heart, brain, and other vital organs of oxygen. Large amounts of CO can overcome you in minutes without warning,causing you to lose consciousness and suffocate.

Dot and Cross diagram



Sources

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-carbon.htm

http://www.osha.gov/OshDoc/data_General_Facts/carbonmonoxide-factsheet.pdf

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081006001327AAHRCOq

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon


Done by: Loh Jia Sheng (24) 2A2

SCI Chemical Bonding Assignment - Zhu Zehao

Carbon Monoxide

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas which is harmful to animals and humans in high quantities. It is compound which is formed when 1 Carbon (C) and 1 Oxygen (O) atom form a covalent bond with each other. An ionic bond is not formed as neither elements is stable enough to receive additional electrons.

Oxygen

Oxygen is a harmless gas that makes up 21% of the air we breathe in everyday. Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. It has 6 valence electrons and a electronic configuration of 2.6. It is highly reactive and readily form compounds with other elements.

Carbon

Carbon is mainly found in the Earth's crust but is also found in all known lifeforms. Carbon has an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 12. It has four valence electrons and a electronic configuration of 2.4 . It is highly stable and requires heat to react with other elements.

References:

http://www.chemicalelements.com/index.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon

Chemistry bonding Assignment - Koh Jing Yuan

Nitrous Oxide





Nitrous Oxide is know as sweet air or laughing gas. It is formed when nitrogen and oxygen react together. Nitrogen and oxygen are both non-metals, thus covalent bonding is involved. Both Nitrogen and oxygen are harmless. When it reacts with rain, it will form acid rain. It also contributes alot to global warming. The formula for Nitrous Oxide is : Nitrogen + oxygen (N2O)


Oxygen(harmless)

Oxygen is a colourless, odorless and tasteless element under room temperature and it appears in great abundance in Earth. It is used for respiration and is vital for humans for survive. It makes up 20% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is a highly reactive element, capable of reacting with alot of different kinds of element.

Nitrogen (harmless)

Nitrogen is colourless, odorless, tasteless and mostly at gaseous state under standard conditions. It makes up 78.08% of the Earth's atmosphere. Plants need nitrogen to make protein form pure carbohydrate. Many industrially important compounds contain nitrogen. It is present in all living organism, in protein, in nucleic acid and other molecules.


References
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-oxygen.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrous_oxide
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen

Chemical Bonding Assignment - Darryl Hwang

Carbon Dioxide


Too much inhalation of carbon dioxide can cause one to faint. The amount of carbon dioxide we take in when we breathe in is not enough to cause harm to our body. However, with too much carbon dioxide in our body, the consequences may be dire. If we are exposed to high amounts of carbon dioxide for a long period of time, there will be acid imbalance in the blood. We would also breathe faster.

Oxygen


A totally harmless gas to humans and instead is vital for survival. Without oxygen, one may faint or even die. It is also needed for combustion so it plays another important role by maintaining fire for cooking or warmth. It is also a colorless and odourless gas. Oxygen makes up around 21% of the gas in the air.

Carbon


Carbon is mostly found underground in different forms such as lead, graphite or diamond. It can be both a cheap or expensive item depending on which allotrope it is. Carbons are highly stable and require high temperature to react with other elements.

Bonding and Dot and Cross Diagram




Covalent Bonding



Reference


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/chemicals/chem_profiles/carbon_dioxide/health_cd.html
http://www.google.com.sg/images?um=1&hl=en&rlz=1C1SKPC_enSG358SG358&biw=1366&bih=667&tbs=isch:1&sa=1&q=CO2+dot+and+cross&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=