Nitric Oxide (Mervin)

Hello everyone!

This is the second online lesson for LSS, and after much research, I chose Nitric Oxide, as the harmful element, which I am going to elaborate on.

During lessons, Ms Nada showed as an example of how two harmful elements can combine, bond and react to become a harmless and useful chemical.

Thus, our task is to find out and come out with two harmless elements that will bond and react to become harmful chemicals.

The harmful chemical that I came up with, is “Nitric Oxide” (NO) , which is a compound made up of oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N)reacting and boding together.

[NO->N+O]

Firstly, I will elaborate on the two harmless elements first. Oxygen is definitely harmless, and it is definitely essential in our lives. Without it, our heart will not beat, and our brains would be dead. Oxygen is needed for all human processes and systems of the human body to work. Also, oxygen is needed for fires to burn etc.

Now, on the nitrogen element. Even though it is not really as essential as oxygen the human beings, it is still harmless. Nitrogen “dilutes” the atmosphere. If there are too much oxygen, metabolic problems may occur, and there may be combustion problems. If there are too much Carbon Dioxide, quickens Global Warming effects, and definitely will not benefit humans and animals as well. Nitrogen can also be used to make into bulbs, explosives etc.

Next, on to the harmful element, Nitric Oxide, also known as nitrogen monoxide. Nitric Oxide is an essential form of gas produced by the human body, which helps in regulating its various functions. One of the most important functions if Nitric oxide is that it is the flow or circulation of the blood to different parts of the body. It is a crucial factor for making major organs like the brain. Kidneys, stomach ec. Work properly, and it also supports the immune system to fight diseases caused by bacteria etc. It helps in building muscles, and therefore, has been a crazy among bodybuilders. However, despite nitric oxide playing such important roles for humans, it has many side effects that can harm the human body badly.

An example of a side effect, most common for body builders, would be headaches and nauseas. Extreme weakness, fatigue and diarrhea are also common side effects for body builders. Rapid beatng of the heart, syncope, skin irritation etc. are also common side effects that consumers will come across. Asthma, tremors, severe sweating etc. will also occur. These are just the minor side effects. The severe and dangerous side effects would be the lowering of blood pressure below normal level, due to the excessive consumption of nitric oxide, causing blood poisoning. This may lead to a person’s death! In the same way, when a person suffers from stroke, the nerve cells stop receiving oxygen, as the large amounts of nitric oxide that the body produces attacks the neurons in the brains, causing definite death. As you can see, the side effects of nitric oxide are really terrible, and thus is definitely a very, very harmful element, if overdosed and over consumed.

Now, I will be showing you guys the dot and cross diagram of Nitric Oxide! (:

[N triple bond N-O]

Sources:

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/nitric-oxide-side-effects.html

http://www.google.com

http://www.wikipedia.com

http://www.yahoo.com/answers

Thank you! Hope you guys learnt something from here, because I definitely did!

Best regards,

Mervin Lim

2A220

A Harmful Compound by Ryan Ong

The harmful compound that I have identified is Sulfur dioxide.

Harmless constituent elements: Oxygen(O) and Sulfur(S)

How is Sulfur dioxide formed?

Sulfur dioxide is the product of the burning of sulfur:

S8 + 8 O2 → 8 SO2

Sulfur dioxide is a noticeable component in the atmosphere, especially following volcanic eruptions.According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the following amount of sulfur dioxide was released in the U.S. per year.

How harmful is Sulfur dioxide?

Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant and has significant impacts upon human health. In addition the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere can influence the habitat suitability for plant communities as well as animal life.[10] Sulfur dioxide emissions are a precursor to acid rain and atmospheric particulates. Due largely to the US EPA’s Acid Rain Program, the U.S. has witnessed a 33 percent decrease in emissions between 1983 and 2002. This improvement resulted in part from flue gas desulfurization, a technology that enables SO2to be chemically bound in power plants burning sulfur-containing coal or oil. In particular,calcium oxide (lime) reacts with sulfur dioxide to form calcium sulfite:

CaO + SO2 → CaSO3

Aerobic oxidation of the CaSO3 gives CaSO4, anhydrite. Most gypsum sold in Europe comes from flue gas desulfurization.

This is my dot and cross diagram:

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide

https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5kKDSK7UaqdwkNKMtOquHfO-2waGD21ArkpD4PolWA5FE_-FQgp2lXwG3Bb2FDBct508SOC4bYMauzhVDMnGObf93P8hpuEah0BhXQLYWaHf767hB27KgFJNIoFKaXlUSo8RBhGiql93z/s320/Science.jpg

LSS- Online Learning (Benedict Chin)

The harmful Compound which I have researched is : Methane(CH₄ .) Methane is not toxic, but it is extremely flammable and my form explosive mixtures with air. It may also displace oxygen in an enclosed area. It degrades the ozone layer. It is known to everyone in common terms, as fart. 

What type of bonding is Methane under? 

Methane goes through Covalent bonding, which is the sharing of electrons from two non-metals. 

In this case, Methane is bonded by:

: Carbon(C) 

 :Hydrogen(H).

The electrons of one carbon atom shares with the electrons of four other hydrogen atoms, to form methane.

Carbon's electronic configuration is 2.4, where it can give or receive 4 more electrons to its valence shell to obtain full and stable valence shell. Carbon has atomic number :6 and is in Group : IV

Carbon are highly stable, and are not likely to react with other elements to cause explosions and stuff.

Hydrogen however has just one electron, so it takes 4 hydrogen to give to the carbon atom, to obtain a full shell. hence the formula,  CH_4.     

Hydrogen is very harmless, as it occupies most of the air which we breathe in daily life; because of its abundance, it is harmless. It has atomic number 1, and is in Group : I 

Below is how it is illustrated when 4 hydrogen atoms share with one carbon atom to form a methane compound- flammable- CH₄

Bibliography:

http://www.google.com.sg/images?hl=en&xhr=t&q=dot+and+cross+diagram+for+methane&cp=28&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&biw=1599&bih=789

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen

Science Online Learning: Harmful compounds with harmless elements

1.0 Intro

What I am doing on is benzene (C6H6). Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell. It can be found in cigrattes and cigars. Michael Faraday discovered this chemical in 1825 from the oily residue derived from the production of illuminating gas.

1.1 Uses of benzene after being discovered

In the 19th and early-20th centuries, benzene was used as an after-shave lotion because of its pleasant smell. Prior to the 1920s, benzene was frequently used as an industrial solvent, especially for degreasing metal.

1.2 Uses of benzene today

Today, benzene is used mainly as an intermediate to make other chemicals. Its most widely-produced derivatives include styrene, which is used to make polymers and plastics. Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, napalm, and pesticides.

1.3 Formation

It is formed by two harmless elements: Carbon and Hydrogen.

1.31 Carbon

Carbon has an atomic number of 6, and a mass number of 12. It is a harmless, non metallic element and is the fourth most abundant element in the universe (hydrogen, helium, and oxygen are found in higher amounts, by mass).

1.32 Hydrogen

Hydrogen has the atomic number of 1, a mass number of 1, and is the first element of the periodic table. It takes up 75% of the universe. However, it is relatively rare on earth. Hydrogen is extremely flammable, and is always associated with the famous explosion of the Hindenburg airship.

1.4 Harmful aspects of benzene

1.41 Overview

Benzene exposure has serious health effects. The American Petroleum Institute stated in 1948 that "it is generally considered that the only absolutely safe concentration for benzene is zero." The US Department of Health and Human Services classifies benzene as a human carcinogen.

1.42 Short term effects

The short-term breathing of high levels of benzene can result in death; low levels can cause drowsiness, dizziness, rapid heart rate, headaches, tremors, confusion, and unconsciousness. Eating or drinking foods containing high levels of benzene can cause vomiting, irritation of the stomach, dizziness, sleepiness, convulsions, and death.

1.43 Long Term effects

Long-term exposure to excessive levels of benzene in the air causes leukemia, a potentially fatal cancer of the blood-forming organs, in susceptible individuals.

LSS- online learning (Mark Soh)

This is carbon monoxide. It is made up of 2 harmless elements, one atom of carbon and one atom of oxide. This results in carbon monoxide.
Carbon monoxide is a colourless, odorless and tastless gas that is slightly lighter than air. It is toxic to humans and animals in large amounts.
This compound in bonded through covalent bonding as both carbon and oxide are non-metals.

Carbon: Carbon is a naturally abundant nonmetallic element which forms the basis of most living organisms. Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe, and it plays a crucial role in the health and stability of the planet through the carbon cycle.
Oxide:An oxide is an anion of oxygen in the oxidation state of -2 or a chemical compound formally containing an oxygen in this state. Most of the Earth's crust consists of oxides. Oxides result when elements are oxidized by oxygen in air.
Formation: In carbon, it is four electrons away from becoming a noble gas and oxide is two short from becoming a noble gas. Hence a coordinate covalent bond is formed and carbon monoxide is formed.

Dot and cross: Above

References: www.wikipedia.com
www.wisegeek.com

Online Lesson

Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3. Both nitrogen and hydrogen are harmless gases that we breathe in everyday but ammonia is both caustic and hazardous. It is also a colourless gas with a pungent odour. It is produced by the decaying process of plants and animals, it is also found in small quantities in rainwater. It is lighter than air, its density being 0.589 times that of air. It is easily liquefied due to the strong hydrogen bonding between molecules; the liquid boils at −33.3 °C, and solidifies at −77.7 °C to white crystals. Ammonia does not burn readily or sustain combustion.

The type of chemical bonding involved is covalent bonds as nitrogen and hydrogen are non-metals, so the there are 3 hydrogen atoms to share their only electron with 1 nitrogen atom to become stable. Ammonia is manufactured by the reaction of hydrogen with nitrogen in the presence of an iron catalyst, which is known as the Haber-Bosch process.

Nitrogen is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass 14.It is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas that takes up 78% of the volume of the Earth’s atmosphere and 75% by weight in Earth’s atmosphere. Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H, with an average atomic weight of 1. It is the lightest and the most abundant element in the universe.
Dot and cross diagram (See above)

Done by: Dong Dexin(11) 2A2


Reference:
http://en.labs.wikimedia.org/wiki/A-level_Chemistry/OCR_(Salters)/Molecular_geometry
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen

A harmful compound(By Kenneth Neoh)

Harmful compound sulfur dioxide (SO4)

Harmless constituent elements: Oxygen(O) and Sulfur(S)

Why is it harmful: Breathing in this gas might cause breathing problems and respiratory diseases. Might also cause premature death.

Chemical Bonding: Covalent Bonding

Constituent elements:

Sulfur: Atomic number 16, a non-metallic element that is yellow in colour. It is essential for life and found in 2 amino acids, cysteine and methiodine. Used mostly as fetilizers if not gunpowder pesticides etc.

Oxygen:Atomic number 8, non-metallic gas which is found colourless in gaseous state and pale blue in liquid state. It consists of 20.8% of the atmosphere in earth and is highly reactive, thus making it form compounds with almost any other element readily.

Sulfur dioxide: Formed by burning sulfur, which is bonding oxygen with sulfur through covalent bonding.

Dot and cross diagram:

Pleasant reminder...

The admin have noticed that Jason had used Wen Yangs account to do his posting. This is TOTALLY unacceptable. Jason, save your work on a word document, and post it using YOUR OWN account. Thanks. Also, the admin would like to remind 2A2 to hand in their work puntually by Valentines day.

The Admin

Carbon monoxide (ethan's work)

Carbon monoxide:

Carbon monoxide is a harmful compound which consists of two harmless elements. The two harmless elements are carbon and oxygen so that is why Carbon monoxide's symbol is "CO".

Constituent elements:
Carbon--- it is nonmetallic and tetravalent which makes four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. Carbon, in all forms, are very stable and this is why it requires high temperature to react with oxygen to form CO. It is the 15th most abundant element in the earth's crust and is present in all lifeforms like human bodies.

Oxygen---it is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is highly reactive which readily forms compounds with almost all other elements in the periodic table. Oxygen, is also colorless, odorless and tasteless and is needed for living things to survive. It is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust and was discovered in 1773 or earlier.

Formation:
Carbon and oxygen is connected by a triple bond. This bond consists of two covalent bonds and one dative covalent bond. Covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding where elements share electrons between each other. Carbon has 4 electrons while oxygen has only 6 electrons. This shows that they do not have a full outer valence shell so they have to share electrons. In the end, after the two elements share electrons and have full valence shells making the element stable and forming a new compound.

Dot and cross diagram: LOOK ABOVE

Sources:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide
http://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/chemistry/bonding/covalent.asp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon
Google

Done by: Ethan Teo (12) 2a2

The harmful compound that I identified is carbon monoxide. It is formed by covalent bonding.
Carbon monoxide is produced from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds; it forms when there is not enough oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), such as when operating a stove or an internal combustion engine in an enclosed space.Carbon monoxide is produced from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds; it forms when there is not enough oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), such as when operating a stove or an internal combustion engine in an enclosed space.
Carbon is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.Oxygen is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table, and is a highly reactive nonmetallic element that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with almost all other elements.

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_is_carbon_monoxide_formed_and_what_is_it_used_for

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide

Jason's Work...

WRITE UP ON A DANGEROUS COMPUND

Carbon monoxide (CO), also called carbonous oxide, is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas which is slightly lighter than air. It is highly toxic to humans and animals in higher quantities, although it is also produced in normal animal metabolism in low quantities, and is thought to have some normal biological functions. It consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom, connected by a triple bond which consists of two covalent bonds as well as one dative covalent bond.

Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, and other covalent bonds. In short, the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms when they share electrons is known as covalent bonding.
Carbon is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. The name "carbon" comes from Latin carbo, coal.
Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots (acid, literally "sharp", referring to the sour taste of acids) , because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxide, a colorless, odorless, tasteless diatomic gas with the formula O2. It is a highly reactive nonmetallic element that readily forms compounds with almost all other elements.

Bibliography:
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon
• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Carbon-dioxide-octet-dot-cross-2D.png

Harmful Compound formed by two harmless elements

Harmful Compound: Methane (CH4)
Constituent Elements: Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H)

Methane
-A potentially dangerous gas as an asphyxiant
-An explosive compound
-A greenhouse gas

Formation of Methane and its constituent elements
Methane is a highly explosive compound when it reacts with other gases such as oxygen. It is formed by covalent bonding, with the electrons of 1 carbon atom, sharing with 4 other hydrogen atoms' electrons, to form methane, to ensure that both elements have a complete outer shell and are stable.

It is formed by carbon, a non-metallic and tetravalent element with 4 electrons available for covalent bonding, and hydrogen, a non-metallic abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere with 1 electron available for covalent bonding. When 4 hydrogen atoms react with 1 carbon atom, they would share their electrons to form methane.

Methane is formed through an abiogenic processes. Extremely deep under the earth's crust, there exist hydrogen-rich gases and carbon molecules. As these gases gradually rise towards the surface of the earth, they may interact with minerals that also exist underground, in the absence of oxygen. This interaction may result in a reaction, forming elements and compounds that are found in the atmosphere (including nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon, and water). If these gases are under very high pressure as they move toward the surface of the earth, they are likely to form methane deposits, similar to thermogenic methane.

Methane can also be formed through methanogens, tiny methane-producing micro-organisms, chemically break down organic matter to produced methane. These micro-organisms are commonly found in areas near the surface of the earth that are void of oxygen.

Dot and Cross Diagram of Methane:


Sources:
http://www.ehow.com/about_5106705_methane-harmful.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen

http://www.naturalgas.org/overview/background.asp

Done By: Chua Zhong Zhi (08) 2A2

Ambrose Chua (7) 2A2

Iron(III) oxide

Formula: Fe+O2 --> Fe2O3

Chemical Bonding: electro-chemical reactions

Iron(III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Fe2O3 oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements at elevated temperatures to give corresponding oxides. However, some elements readily form oxides at standard conditions for temperature and pressure; the rusting of iron is an example. The surface of metals like aluminium and titanium are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion.

Chemical reaction between iron and oxygen, which is given by the formula 4Fe + 3O2 = 2Fe2O3. This formula shows that when iron is found in the presence of oxygen, the two chemicals join together to form a new compound. This reaction is called an oxidation/reduction reaction and represents the other (along with acid/base reactions) most common type of chemical reaction. In an acid / base reaction, a proton (H+) gets transferred from one substance to another. In an oxidation/reduction reaction electrons get transferred from one substance to another. In this reaction iron transfers some of its electrons to oxygen. The iron atom becomes an Fe+3 ion and oxygen becomes an 0-2 ion, which quickly joins with an H+ ion to form water. These two elements combine to form iron oxide, or rust.

During the corrosion process, iron does not seem to react with air at all. Water is necessary for the oxidation reaction to occur, to facilitate transport of the electrons.

When iron exceeds the required amount, it is stored in the liver of the human body. The bone marrow contains high amounts of iron, because it produces haemoglobin.

Iron deficits lead to anaemia, causing tiredness, headaches and loss of concentration. The immune system is also affected. In young children this negatively affects mental development, leads to irritability, and causes concentration disorder. Young children, pregnant women and women in their period are often treated with iron (II) salts upon iron deficits.

When high concentrations of iron are absorbed, for example by haemochromatose patients, iron is stored in the pancreas, the liver, the spleen and the heart. This may damage these vital organs. Healthy people are generally not affected by iron overdose, which is also generally rare.

Iron compounds may have a more serious effect upon health than the relatively harmless element itself. A number of iron chelates may be toxic, and the nerve toxin iron penta carbonyl is known for its strong toxic mechanism. Iron dust may cause lung disease.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20100224160556AASHTCr

http://www.blurtit.com/q857020.html

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_type_of_chemical_reaction_occurs_when_iron_rusts

http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/water/iron/iron-and-water.htm

http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080423163341AA0CB5c

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Chemical bonding by Tan Ye Kai 32

The harmful compound made out of 2 or more non-harmful compounds that I have decided write on is carbon monoxide. This involves covalent bonding.

Its constituent elements

Carbon Monoxide is made out of 1 carbon atom and 1 oxygen atom. Carbon Monoxide is produced from the partial oxidation of carbon-containing compounds and forms when there is not enough oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, such as when operating a stove or an internal combustion engine in an enclosed space.

Formation

A carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, with a complete 1st shell. An oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons, with a complete 1st shell. As both atoms do not have sufficient strength to completely remove the other atom’s electrons, the atoms share electrons. When the carbon atom shares its electrons with the oxygen atom, the electrons on both atoms complete each of the outer shells of both atoms. As a result, both the carbon and oxygen atoms complete the configuration of a noble gas.

The “dot and cross” diagram of carbon monoxide-

Task for Science Online Lesson

Nitrogen + Oxygen -> Nitrogen Dioxide

N₂ (g) + O₂ (g) -> 2NO₂(g)

The harmful compound that I had identified is Nitrogen Dioxide. Covalence bonding is involved.

At 150 °C, NO₂ decomposes with release of oxygen via an endothermic process. Oxygen and Nitrogen are very harmless. We breathe in Oxygen every second to carry out respiration. Nitrogen is used to make fertilizer, ammonia, nitric acid etc. However, when oxygen combines with Nitrogen, a harmful compound is made. Both of the elements form Nitrogen Dioxide.

Nitrogen Dioxide can be produced most commonly in these two ways. Firstly, in a car engine or a factory where the temperatures are very high, the nitrogen combines with the oxygen in the air to form Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂). Nitrogen Dioxide is also called Nitric Oxide.

Secondly, during a thunderstorm, the heat released by lightning causes nitrogen and oxygen in the air to react, to form oxides like nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide.

Nitrogen Dioxide is harmful it can cause irritation to the eyes and can cause breathing difficulties by irritating the lungs.

Nitrogen Dioxide will also form acid rain which will destroy building, aquatic life and plants.

Below is the dot and cross diagram that I had done.